Future research directions could consider uninvestigated outcomes using larger studies with adequate power and identified best practices.ĭigitisation and building information modelling (BIM) technology are being adopted in the construction industry, but their application in the sustainable development of urban planning and civil engineering has been limited. Studies adopted experimental or quasi-experimental designs, used heterogeneous measures and often sample sizes of unknown power. Findings generally demonstrate a positive effect of virtual nature for its users, often comparable to outdoor nature exposure. Other outcomes such as environmental preference, nature connectedness, cognitive performance received less attention, whilst others such as creativity, perceived safety, subjective vitality, and behavioral intentions were hardly investigated at all. Studies addressed three main outcomes: mood, stress, and restorativeness. Results from quality assessment showed that most studies (thirty) were of medium or high quality and only eight were evaluated as low-quality studies. We found 160 records, of which 38 met the eligibility criteria. We used Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO to identify the studies of interest. In this contribution, report a systematic review summarizing studies that examined the implications of virtual nature on psychological and psychophysiological outcomes up to 2021. Further research on perceived safety in outdoor spaces is needed to make use of this combined method’s potential.Įvidence on the benefits of virtual nature for individuals is steadily increasing.
Additionally, this research demonstrates an approach to conducting field experiments to test the effects of actual design interventions and then further developing these experiments using VR technology. The results in this study show that environmental attributes such as perceived prospect and concealment should be considered in the design and management of urban green spaces. The VR experiment also found a gender effect on perceived safety, with females reporting lower perceived safety, but no effect was shown for the height of the hedge. We developed a VR experiment for an evening scenario in the same environment (n = 19) to supplement the field study and test the effect of the intervention further. The field study showed that cutting down the hedge improved the perceived prospect of the immediate surrounding areas for female users, which again made them feel safer in the park. In a field experiment (n = 266), we explored whether the height of a hedge along a pathway influenced perceived safety among users.
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Additionally, this paper combines the use of field and virtual reality (VR) experiments, contributing methodological insights into how to evaluate safety measures in green space management and research on perceived safety. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of a safety-enhancing landscape design measure on visitors’ experiences in an urban park.
Access to safe, green urban environments is important for quality of life in cities.
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